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- BOOKS, Page 63Polar Heroics and Delusions
-
-
- By John Skow
-
-
- THE NOOSE OF LAURELS: ROBERT E. PEARY AND THE RACE TO
- THE NORTH POLE
- by Wally Herbert
- Atheneum; 395 pages; $22.50
-
- Probably it is necessary for us to have heroes so that, by
- inoculation, we will learn to distrust heroes. Baseball idols
- peddling autographs at $15 a scribble provide this useful
- disillusion today. A few decades ago, the clay feet --
- frostbitten, of course -- were those of polar explorers. Wally
- Herbert, who reached the North Pole by dogsled in 1969, writes
- knowledgeably about two of the most fascinating of the fakers:
- Robert E. Peary and Dr. Frederick Cook, archrivals in heroics
- and fraud.
-
- The Noose of Laurels is a fascinating account of what might
- be called the psychopathology of exploration. It presents not
- just the evidence of its subjects' misdeeds -- or nondeeds --
- but the details of two extraordinary lives. Despite his claims,
- Cook never really tried to reach the North Pole. In 1908 he
- simply set up a camp with two Eskimo boys near the shore of the
- Arctic Ocean, stayed there for a number of days, then returned
- home and announced success. Peary tried repeatedly, with all his
- energy, and in 1909, at the age of 53, nearly made it. But the
- speeds and distances he claimed to have traveled, Herbert
- demonstrates, were far beyond the ability of men or dogs.
- Peary's diary, withheld from historians after his death until
- Herbert analyzed it, proves that he fell short by as much as 30
- to 60 miles. So when this strong and single-minded man returned
- home from his final trip to the far north, a region he had come
- to feel he owned, his sense of proprietorship required him to
- claim he had reached the pole. He lied, heroically.
-
- Herbert traces the elements of a story that, at least in
- Peary's case, approach tragedy. He was a poor boy from Maine,
- trained as a civil engineer and desperate, Herbert argues, to
- pile up successes for his widowed mother to admire. "I must have
- fame," he wrote her.
-
- The Peary-Cook rivalry began peaceably. Cook, nine years
- younger, was a steady, valued medical officer on Peary's first
- Arctic expedition. But Peary jealously guarded the acclaim he
- earned from the geographical establishment and the millionaires
- who ran it, so Cook set out on his own. Before long Peary was
- slurring Cook with the comment that the Arctic "brings a man
- face to face with himself . . . If he is a man, the man comes
- out; and if he is a cur, the cur shows as quickly."
-
- Contestants in the hero game had to produce results to keep
- their wealthy backers interested, and Herbert makes it clear
- that Peary feigned a "farthest north" record at about the time
- Cook, astonishingly, was counterfeiting a first ascent of Denali
- (Mount McKinley). To what degree Peary admitted to himself that
- he was a fraud is unknown. So is the extent to which Matthew
- Henson, his unswerving black assistant, understood the fudging.
- Herbert writes sympathetically of all these voyagers, whose real
- accomplishments were extraordinary. They were married to the
- Arctic, and perhaps the truth of the matter was that if they had
- to fake triumphs in order to return there, they would fake them.
-
- The matter of marriage was not just figurative. Though
- Peary's adoring public did not know this, and his loyal wife Jo
- may have put aside suspicions, Peary had an Eskimo family. So
- did Henson. In one of the book's most touching passages, Herbert
- reports that in May 1971, Peary's Eskimo grandson Peter Peary
- reached the North Pole by dogsled with Avatak Henson, grandson
- of Matthew Henson.
-
-